Larvicidal and adulticidal efects of combined hydroethanolic extracts of clove fower buds and garlic bulbs on Anopheles gambiae

Nwonuma, C.O. Larvicidal and adulticidal efects of combined hydroethanolic extracts of clove fower buds and garlic bulbs on Anopheles gambiae. Malaria Journal.

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Abstract

Abstract Background Insecticides are toxic substances, though not necessarily toxins, intentionally released into the environment to kill or manage insect populations. These chemical toxins pose signifcant risks to human and animal health due to their direct efects and their impact as environmental pollutants. To mitigate these chemical hazards, the use of phytocompounds with superior larvicidal or mosquitocidal efects, low toxicity levels in mammals, and short-term environmental persistence may be a preferable alternative. Methods This study aimed to evaluate the larvicidal and adulticidal efects of the combined hydroethanolic extracts of garlic and clove on Anopheles gambiae. The experiment included four treatment groups: garlic, clove, combined extract (garlic + clove), and deltamethrin (standard insecticide). At the end of the 24 h experiment, the knocked-down adult mosquitoes were homogenized and used for biochemical assays. Results The combined garlic-clove extract signifcantly increased (p < 0.05) the larval mortality rate compared to the single garlic and clove extracts. Similarly, the combined extracts of garlic-clove signifcantly increased (p < 0.05) mortality of adult mosquitoes compared to deltamethrin and the individual garlic and clove extract. The garlic-clove combined extracts showed a signifcant decrease (p < 0.05) in the activity of acetylcholine esterase and Na–k ATPase compared with the deltamethrin group. Furthermore, the docking interaction between AChE and voltage gated ion channel with the GC–MS identifed compounds of the extracts showed a higher binding afnity with caryophyllene, estrone, morellinol compared to deltamethrin. Conclusions The efcacy of the garlic-clove extract as a larvicide and adulticide has been confrmed through biochemical analyses and in silico studies. This lethal efect is likely due to the inhibition of crucial enzymes that facilitate essential processes such as signal transduction and energy production. Moreover, the biocidal properties of these extracts stem from the alteration of vital metabolic pathways, infuenced by a range of bioactive compounds found in both garlic and clove.

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